Abstract The slope stability analyses are important to predict environmental, financial, and human life impacts. The Limit Equilibrium Method (LEM) is commonly used to estimate a slope’s Safety Factor (SF). However, the Finite Element Method (FEM) is increasingly applied to slope stability analyses, using different approaches, among which the technique of Shear Strength Reduction (SSR) is commonly used in perfectly plastic elastic models. The objective of this study is to present a discussion about these two methodologies, using critical state models with or without hardening will be used to model the stress-strain behavior of the soil mass. The results obtained in the case study presented, using LEM and FEM considering critical state models with and without hardening are consistent and allowed verifying the stability condition of the slope. Also, the reduction factors are smaller when compared to the results using perfectly plastic elastic models.

ABSTRACT The histological structure, histochemical features, and enzymatic activity of the digestive tract of juvenile Pacific seahorse (Hippocampus ingens) are described to provide information during the cultivation of this species. Serial histological sections were stained with either hematoxylin-eosin, alcian blue-PAS, toluidine blue, Sudan black, Masson's trichome, and ninhydrin-Schiff to describe the general features and the presence of glycogen, mucopolysaccharides, lipids, muscle layers, and proteins, respectively. The enterocytes height and the mucosal villi height in the esophagus and intestines were measured. Additionally, the digestive enzymes trypsin, chymotrypsin, lipase, amylase, aminopeptidase, acid phosphatase, and alkaline phosphatase activities were recorded. The esophagus showed two distinctive regions, the anterior with numerous mucous cells secreting acid mucins and the posterior with longitudinal folds and no mucous cells. The intestine was differentiated into three regions. The anterior showed goblet cells secreting acid and neutral mucins, while the middle and posterior regions presented goblet cells secreting only acid mucins. The activity of aminopeptidase, chymotrypsin, and amylase showed low levels, while the trypsin and acid phosphatase activity levels were intermediate. Lipase and alkaline phosphatase showed the highest activities. The results point that juvenile H. ingens presents a digestive structure similar to other teleost species. The high levels of lipase suggest that juvenile H. ingens have high requirements for lipids during this stage.

Resumen A partir diseño de una propuesta de mitigación del impacto ambiental generado por las baterías a base de plomo para automóviles. Se realizó la evaluación del impacto ambiental de la disposición de baterías a través del método Vicente Conesa, donde se encontró que los mayores impactos ambientales son los producidos por el tratamiento del electrolito, recuperación del plástico y plomo, entonces, se realizó la comparación del proceso actual y se propuso un modelo ideal mediante una simulación en FlexSim, y se determinó que el tiempo del proceso ideal propuesto representa un aumento en el tiempo total en la disposición final de las baterías ácido-plomo debido a la adición de etapas para el tratamiento del ácido, plomo y plástico, pero que supone una mitigación significativa de los impactos ambientales causados por este procedimiento y con ello la evasión de sanciones por parte de autoridades ambientales.

Abstract Based on the design of a proposal to mitigate the environmental impact generated by lead-based batteries for automobiles, an environmental impact assessment was carried out using the Vicente Conesa method, where it was discovered that the most negative impacts on the environment are those produced by the treatment of the electrolyte and the lead and acid recovery. Subsequently, a comparison was made between the current process and the ideal one, obtaining a model developed in the FlexSim software. After executing the relevant simulations for the study, it was evident that performing the proposed model represents an increase in the duration of the final disposal stage of the batteries, the previous as a result of the implementation of stages associated with the treatment of recycled batteries remnants, such as plastic, acid, and lead. However, standardizing the proposed model would suppose significant mitigation in the different environmental impacts generated by said process, managing to avoid legal sanctions by environmental authorities.

Abstract: The present work focuses on knowing and determining the knowledge of the seventh period students of the Bachelor of Gerontology, their experience, interventions, and techniques for the treatment of older people with dementia. The type of research is quantitative and cross-sectional, and the universe was made up of seventh-semester students of the Bachelor's Degree in Gerontology from the Autonomous University of the State of Mexico. 96% of students know the term dementia; 69% were able to identify the stages of dementia; and 54% identified diagnostic criteria for dementia. The management of patients with dementia should be a priority issue for Gerontology Graduates, due to population statistics and projections of dementia.

Resumen: El presente trabajo se enfoca en conocer y determinar los conocimientos de los alumnos de séptimo periodo de la Licenciatura en Gerontología, sus experiencia, intervenciones y técnicas para el trato de personas mayores con demencia. El tipo de investigación es cuantitativo y transversal, y el universo estuvo integrado por estudiantes de séptimo semestre de la Licenciatura en Gerontología de la Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México. El 96% de los estudiantes conoce el término de demencia; 69% logró identificar las etapas de demencia; y el 54% identificó criterios de diagnóstico de demencia. El manejo de pacientes con demencia debe ser un tema prioritario para los Licenciados en Gerontología, por las estadísticas poblacionales y proyecciones de la demencia.

Abstract Mass movements are frequent natural phenomena and especially dangerous due to increased population and irregular settlements in mountainous areas. Carrying out studies using methods that allow the numerical evaluation of their behavior is essential to mitigate and prevent these events' possible impacts. The traditional Limit Equilibrium and Finite Element methods fail to reproduce the problem from the beginning of the movement until the end of its development, so it is necessary to use new formulations. In this work the Material Point Method was selected to evaluate these movements in the stages of failure mode formation and development of landslide through an analysis of the soil shear strength and deformability parameters of a slope using the elastoplastic model with Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion. Maintaining a geometry and assuming soil mass behaves like a fluid, a single strength parameter and a single deformability parameter are analyzed to understand their influence before and after the failure.

Resumen: Las cardiopatías congénitas son la tercera causa de malformaciones congénitas y una de las principales responsables de la mortalidad en periodo neonatal en el mundo; se originan a partir de alteraciones en el desarrollo embrionario. La incidencia es variable; en Colombia, se estima que afectan del 2 al 3 % de los recién nacidos vivos. En 2015, 20,8 % de los niños menores de cinco años afectados con cardiopatías congénitas fallecieron a causa de estas alteraciones. El presente es un estudio descriptivo y retrospectivo. Se incluyeron los datos de 252 historias clínicas de pacientes con diagnóstico de cardiopatía congénita entre los años 2010 y 2016, el 56 % de la población encontrada fue de sexo femenino. Predominaron las cardiopatías congénitas no cianosantes (87 %). La mayor prevalencia fue el ductus arterioso permeable (35,3 %). La ecocardiografía Doppler se utilizó en 98,4 % de los casos; con respecto al manejo, el 47,2 % de los pacientes estuvieron en seguimiento, siendo este más común que las alternativas médicas o quirúrgicas. En conclusión, el ductus arterioso permeable, la comunicación interventricular y la comunicación interatrial son las cardiopatías no ciano-santes más frecuentes en la población estudiada y se asocian a hipertensión pulmonar que ameritan mayor seguimiento. La tetralogía de Fallot fue la cardiopatía congénita cianosante más común.

Abstract: Congenital heart defects are the third cause of congenital malformations and one of the main causes of mortality in the neonatal period in the world; they originate from alterations in embryonic development. The incidence is variable; in Colombia, it is estimated that they affect 2 to 3% of live newborns. In 2015, 20.8% of children under the age of five affected with congenital heart defects died from these disorders. This is a descriptive and retrospective study. Data of 252 clinical records of patients diagnosed with congenital heart defect between 2010 and 2016 were included, showing that 56% of this population were female. Acyanotic Congenital Heart Diseases predominated (87%). The highest prevalence was patent ductus arteriosus (35.3%). Doppler echocardiography was used in 98.4% of cases; regarding management, 47.2% of patients were in follow-up, this being more common than medical or surgical alternatives. In conclusion patent ductus arteriosus, ventricular septal defect and interatrial septal defect are the most frequent acyanotic heart diseases in the population under study and they are associated with pulmonary hypertension that require higher follow-up. Tetralogy of Fallot was the most common cyanotic congenital heart disease.

Resumo: As cardiopatias congênitas são a terceira causa de malformações congênitas e uma das principais responsáveis pela mortalidade no período neonatal no mundo. São originadas a partir de alterações no desenvolvimento embrionário. A incidência é variável; na Colômbia, é estimado que afetam de 2 a 3 % dos recém-nascidos vivos. Em 2015, 20,8 % das crianças menores de cinco anos afetadas com cardiopatias congênitas faleceram por causa dessas alterações. Este estudo é descritivo e retrospectivo. Foram incluídos dados de 252 prontuários de pacientes com diagnóstico de cardiopatia congênita entre 2010 e 2016, 56 % da população encontrada foi do sexo feminino. Predominaram as cardiopatias congênitas não cianóticas (87 %). A maior persistência foi o dueto arterioso permeável (35,3 %). A ecocardiografìa Doppler foi utilizada em 98,4 % dos casos; quanto ao manejo, 47,2 % dos pacientes estiveram em seguimento, o que foi mais comum do que as alternativas médicas ou cirúrgicas. Em conclusão, o ducto arterioso permeável, a comunicação interventricular e a comunicação interatrial são as cardiopatias não cianóticas mais frequentes na população estudada e são associadas com a hipertensão pulmonar que merecem maior seguimento. A tetralogia de Fallot foi a cardiopatia congènita cianòtica mais comum.

Resumen Los problemas que involucran grandes deformaciones son el foco de las investigaciones de modelos numéricos en las últimas décadas debido al desafío de encontrar una descripción cinemática adecuada del continuo. En los últimos años, se han utilizado diferentes formulaciones para describir problemas como el método Euleriano Lagrangiano Arbitrario (ALE) y el Método del Punto Material (MPM). Estos dos métodos permiten realizar análisis dinámicos que involucran grandes deformaciones. De esta forma, este trabajo pretende presentar una comparación de problemas aplicados a la geotecnia que involucran grandes deformaciones y grandes desplazamientos, utilizando MPM y el Método de los Elemento Finitos (FEM) asociado con el método ALE. Para este propósito, se simulan tres problemas: deslizamiento de bloques en un plano inclinado, deslizamiento de arena e inestabilidad de una pendiente utilizando el MPM y el FEM asociado con el método ALE. En todos los casos se presenta una comparación de los resultados y se discuten las ventajas y desventajas de cada método.

Abstract Problems involving large deformations are the focus of numerical modeling researches in recent decades due to the challenge of finding a kinematic appropriate description of the continuum. In recent years, different formulations have been used to describe such problems as the Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) method and the Material Point Method (MPM). These two methods allow to perform dynamic analyzes involving large deformations. In this way, this work aims to present a comparison of problems applied to Geotechnics involving large deformations and large displacements, using MPM and FEM associated with the ALE method. For this purpose, three problems have been simulated: sliding of blocks on an inclined plane, runout process of sand and instability of a slope using the MPM and the FEM associated with the ALE method. In all cases, a comparison of the results is presented, and the advantages and disadvantages of each method are discussed.

Abstract Adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells (AMSCs) have been isolated from domestic and wild cats. For wild cats, the isolation of AMSCs has been reported in the black-footed cats (Felis nigripes) and guigna (Leopardus guigna). Stromal vascular fraction (SVF) isolated from cougar adipose tissue have been used to restore elbow functionality in the cougar (Puma concolor) but multipotent characteristics of these cells have not been described. The present study describes for the first time the isolation and characterization of mesenchymal stem cells derived from adipose tissue of cougar. AMSCs and fibroblasts from six months female cougar were isolated and cultured in DMEM/F12, supplemented with FBS 10% + 1% Antibiotic/Antifungal + 2.4 mM L-Glutamine + 2.4 mM pyruvate up to passage 5. Expression of pluripotent and surface marker genes was evaluated at mRNA level. Mesodermal differentiation (adipogenic, osteogenic and chondrogenic) was described. AMSCs expressed mRNA of pluripotent genes Oct4, Nanog, Sox2 and Klf4 and surface markers Cd44, Cd90, Cd105 and MHCII. Fibroblasts showed similar mRNA expression with the exception of Sox2. AMSCs obtained from cougar exhibit multipotency features similar to domestic cats MSC, nevertheless, other analyses are required. AMSCs from cougar could be a source of interest for treatment of individuals that remain in captivity or arrive to wildlife rehabilitation centers.

Abstract: Violence against women in the health sector is related to the establishment and reproduction of hegemonic health models that infantilize, stigmatize and disavow women and their ancestral-traditional knowledge, establishing asymmetric power relationships in the clinical context. The aim of this article is to analyze the elements that influence the relationship between professionals in the health area with its users from gender perspective. To this end, a systematized review of international databases was carried out, using the descriptors: “gender”, “health”, “gender perspective” and “biomedicine”. The results show that aspects such as gender and sex, age, culture and professional training are determining factors in the relations between the user public and the professional team.

Resumen: La violencia hacia las mujeres en el ámbito sanitario se relaciona con la instauración y reproducción de modelos hegemónicos en salud que infantilizan, estigmatizan y desautorizan a las mujeres y sus saberes ancestro-tradicionales, estableciendo en el contexto clínico relaciones de poder asimétricas. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar los elementos que influyen en la relación entre profesionales del área de la salud, con sus usuarios y usuarias desde la perspectiva de género. Para ello, se efectuó una revisión sistematizada en bases de datos internacionales, utilizando los descriptores “género”, “salud”, “perspectiva de género” y “biomedicina”. Los resultados muestran que aspectos como género y sexo, edad, cultura y formación profesional, son determinantes en las relaciones entre el público usuario y el equipo profesional.

La investigación está dirigida para analizar los factores claves que determinan la introducción del azúcar sin azufre del Ingenio Sucroalcoholero Aguaí S.A. en el mercado de Cochabamba - Cercado; basada en una investigación sobre la percepción de los consumidores de azúcar y la importancia de ofrecer un producto saludable, ya que éste producto en el proceso de blanqueamiento lo realiza sin azufre. Para alcanzar este objetivo se realizó una investigación descriptiva, ya que se pretende describir el comportamiento del mercado, consumidores, vendedores, proveedores, las necesidades y deseos; recolectando los datos a través de encuestas, entrevistas personales. A partir de esto, efectuando la revisión bibliográfica sobre el marketing estratégico que da una solución factible para la introducción de este nuevo producto al mercado de Cochabamba.

The research is aimed at analyzing the key factors that determine the introduction of sulfur-free sugar from Ingenio Sucroalcoholero Aguaí S. A. in the market of Cochabamba - Cercado; based on an investigation on the perception of sugar consumers and the importance of offering a healthy product, since this product in the bleaching process does it without sulfur. To achieve this objective, a descriptive investigation was carried out, since it is intended to describe the behavior of the market, consumers, sellers, suppliers, needs and desires; collecting data through surveys, personal interviews. From this, making the literature review on strategic marketing that gives a feasible solution for the introduction of this new product to the Cochabamba market.

Abstract: Adipose tissue derived mesenchymal stem cells (AMSCs) had been isolated and used for cell therapy in domestic cats. For wild cats, the isolation of AMSCs has only been reported in the black-footed cat (Felis nigripes). AMSCs obtained from wild cats may be useful to treat injuries of endangered cat species that remain in captivity or arrive at wildlife rehabilitation centers. Additionally, AMSCs might allow improvement of cloning techniques or assist in derivation of induced pluripotent stem cells. Endangered wild cats such as the guigna (Leopardus guigna), an endemic and endangered species from Chile and Argentina, might benefit greatly from the development of novel treatments or techniques that can be applied for its conservation. The objective of this study was to characterise putative AMSCs from guigna in terms of their main biological attributes, particularly, growth kinetics, differentiation ability and surface marker expression. Results obtained from this characterisation were compared with AMSCs isolated from domestic cats. AMSCs were isolated from peritoneal adipose tissue of female cats and subcutaneous tissue from a female guigna. Migration potential, colony-forming unit assay, mesodermal differentiation and surface marker expression (CD45, CD44, CD90, MHCI and MHCII) were evaluated. Domestic cat and guigna AMSCs displayed similar growth properties in culture. Both AMSC types showed mesodermal differentiation potential, in vitro homing potential and similar surface marker expression. These results indicate that AMSCs from subcutaneous tissue of guigna could have potential use as regenerative treatment for this species and might be considered for use in other biotechnological applications.

Resumen La familia es el sistema transmisor de comportamientos por excelencia y la pareja, en el momento de decidir tener un hijo, reflexiona acerca de ciertos ideales y expectativas con respecto a la forma de crianza que, en los hombres, determina el valor de la carga emocional y poder en el género masculino. Por lo anterior, el objetivo de este estudio fue diseñar y validar una escala para medir las actitudes hacia la paternidad, que delimitan aspectos comportamentales eficaces para una buena crianza. Para ello se realizó una tabla de especificaciones y se construyeron los reactivos, los cuales fueron sometidos a validación por jueces. Se realizó el ajuste de la escala, y fue aplicada a 240 hombres colombianos con edades comprendidas entre los 18 y 52 años (media=24,7). Tras hacer el análisis factorial exploratorio, se agruparon los reactivos con base a lo sugerido por el programa y se hizo la depuración pertinente según los resultados obtenidos. Ulteriormente, dichos resultados se sometieron a un análisis factorial confirmatorio, verificando el ajuste del modelo. Los índices de validez y concordancia indicaron que los ítems eran esenciales, el análisis de correlaciones indicó homogeneidad entre los ítems y el instrumento mostró tener alta fiabilidad. En conclusión, se puede afirmar que la Escala de actitudes hacia la paternidad es una escala válida y confiable para ser utilizada en población colombiana, recomendando repetir el estudio para replicar estos hallazgos y estimar la plausibilidad de ser extrapolada al género femenino.

Abstract The family is the main transmitting system of behaviors and a couple, when deciding to have a child, reflects on the ideals and expectations regarding the appropiate way of upbringing a child which in men, determines the value of the emotional load and power in the masculine gender. The present study had as main objective to design and validate a scale that measures attitudes toward parenthood which determine effective behavioral aspects for a suitable child rearing. In order to achieve this, a specification chart was designed and items were constructed and then submitted to be validated by judges. The scale was adjusted based on the judges opinions and applied to 240 Colombian men with an age range of 18-52 years old (media=24,7 years old). After conducting an exploratory factor analysis, the reactants were grouped according to what was suggested by the program and those which were not appropriate were extracted. Results were submitted to a confirmatory analysis verifying the model’s adjustment. Ratings for validity and agreement showed that the items were essential, the correlation analysis showed homogeneity between them and the test showed high reliability. As a conclusion, it is said that the Attitudes toward parenthood scale is a valid and reliable scale to be used in Colombian population, suggesting to replicate the study in order to evaluate its generalizability and estimate the plausibility of extrapolating it to female gender.

Resumen: El bloqueo atrioventricular (AV) segundo grado Mobitz tipo II, a diferencia del bloqueo Mobitz tipo I, se caracteriza por presentar un intervalo PR normal antes de una onda P no conductiva y después de esta. Algunos bloqueos se producen por causas fisiológicas, metabólicas, estructurales y por la administración de medicamentos a2-adrenérgicos. Se ha registrado que la mayoría de los bloqueos y bradicardias responden a la atropina o glicopirrolato. En este informe de caso se presenta un equino macho, raza cuarto de milla, de cinco años de edad, remitido al Centro de Veterinaria y Zootecnia de la Universidad CES para una artroscopia del carpo izquierdo. Tras el derribo del paciente con la administración de xilacina, diazepam y ketamina, para iniciar el procedimiento quirúrgico, el paciente presenta una bradicardia marcada (10 latidos por minuto). Por lo tanto, se decide posponer la cirugía. Posterior a su reincorporación, se le diagnostica un bloqueo AV de segundo grado Mobitz tipo II, el cual al momento de tratarse solo responde a N-butilbromuro de hioscina.

Abstract: Second-degree Mobitz II atrioventricular (AV) block, unlike the Mobitz I block, is characterized by presenting a normal PR interval before a non-conducted P wave and after this. Some blocks occur for physiological, metabolic, and structural causes, and due to the administration of a2-adrenergic medication. It has been recorded that most of the blocks and bradycardias are responsive to atropine or glycopyrrolate. This case report presents a five-year-old, male, quarter-mile race horse, referred to the Center for Veterinary and Animal Science at the Universidad CES for arthroscopy of his left carpus. After administering xylazine, diazepam, and ketamine to the patient in order to initiate the surgical procedure, the patient presents marked bradycardia (10 beats per minute). Therefore, it was decided to postpone the surgery. After his recovery from anesthesia, he is diagnosed with seconddegree Mobitz II AV block, which only responds to hyoscine N-butylbromide as treatment.

Resumo: O bloqueio atrioventricular (AV) segundo grau Mobitz tipo II, diferente do bloqueio Mobitz tipo I, se caracteriza por apresentar um intervalo PR normal antes de uma onda P não condutiva e depois desta. Alguns bloqueios se produzem por causas fisiológicas, metabólicas, estruturais e pela administração de medicamentos a2-adrenérgicos. Há registro de que a maioria dos bloqueios e bradicardias respondem à atropina ou glicopirrolato. Neste informe de caso se presenta um equino macho, raça quarto de milha, de cinco anos de idade, remitido ao Centro de Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade CES para uma artroscopia do carpo esquerdo. Após a queda do paciente com a administração de xilazina, diazepam e cetamina, para iniciar o procedimento cirúrgico, o paciente apresenta uma bradicardia marcada (10 latidos por minuto). Portanto, se decide adiar a cirurgia. Posterior à sua reincorporação, se diagnostica um bloqueio AV de segundo grau Mobitz tipo II, o que ao momento de tratar-se solo responde a N-butylbromide de hyoscina.

Reflective practice has become a topic of increasing interest in teacher training and research circles worldwide. However, there is little consensus as to how it should be defined and measured. This paper aims to validate a quantitative instrument in Spanish to measure reflective practice in student teachers. To do so, a scale created by Larrivee to measure reflection was translated and administered to a probability sample of 489 student teachers in Chile. The data analysis portion of the study included both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, as well as a calculation of the scale's reliability. The resulting scale consists of 20 items grouped into three different dimensions (surface, pedagogical, and critical reflection), with good reliability indicators. This work offers an operational definition of reflective practice, as well as contributes with a tool to measure it. The article concludes by discussing the limitations of and prospects for the validated scale.

La práctica reflexiva ha recibido un creciente interés de parte de la investigación y de la formación docente a nivel internacional. Sin embargo, hay poco acuerdo sobre qué es y cómo medirla. Este artículo se propone validar un instrumento cuantitativo en español, para medir la práctica reflexiva en estudiantes de pedagogía. Para ello se aplicó la traducción de la escala de reflexividad elaborada por Larrivee, a una muestra probabilística de 489 estudiantes de pedagogía en Chile. El análisis de datos incluyó análisis factorial exploratorio y confirmatorio y el cálculo de la confiabilidad de la escala. La escala resultante está compuesta por 20 ítems agrupados en tres dimensiones distintas (reflexión superficial, pedagógica y crítica), con buenos indicadores de confiabilidad. El trabajo contribuye a definir operacionalmente el concepto de práctica reflexiva y ofrece la posibilidad de medir el constructo. Al finalizar, se discuten limitaciones y proyecciones de este trabajo.